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Friday, May 15, 2009
Intel® Core™2 Duo
Intel Core i7 Refresh Expected in Q2 2009 Motherboard makers are wary of the processors' success
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There are no specific details available at this time, but according to xbitlabs, which claims to have had access to documentation revealing Intel's product roadmap, Intel's is already planning to refresh its new flagship model, the Extreme Core i7 965 processor. The chip maker will debut a more powerful solution in the hope of further differentiating itself from its archrival AMD. Also, the Core i7 940 is slated for an update, while upcoming processors are to fill the gap between the company's current 920 and 940 models. All of these will come out with different prices and frequency levels.
In related news, Digitimes reports that leading chip maker claims to have already shipped approximately 100,000 units of its next-generation Core i7 CPUs, codenamed Bloomfield. However, according to sources at motherboard makers, the company is not going to enjoy a high demand for its new products, at least not in the near future. That is because of the global low demand for consumer hardware products, which is believed to affect the market performance of Intel's Core i7 throughout the upcoming year.
The same motherboard makers also believe that some of the upcoming Intel Core i7 processors, which are slated for release in the third quarter of 2009, could potentially ship in higher quantities. That could happen because upcoming processors will be developed for the mainstream market, offering the same Nehalem performance at a more affordable price tag.
Intel Desktop Board DG45ID
Supporting a wide range of new Intel® 45nm processors, the Intel® Desktop Board DG45ID is ideal for running demanding entertainment, education, and gaming applications. Big, unwieldy media files can quickly overcome mainstream desktop PCs. the Intel® Desktop Board DG45ID allows users to experience HD videos in surround sound, design school projects or presentations, or upload vacation videos right out of the box, and with superior speed and efficiency.
The Intel Desktop Board DG45ID can offer your customers an excellent visual experience thanks to the Intel® Graphics Media Accelerator X4500HD with Intel® Clear Video Technology. This built-in support for full 1080p high-definition visuals eliminates the need for an additional graphics card while offering support for today's most popular video outputs including HDMI and DVI. This feature enables incredible visual media capabilities including video and image editing, streaming video viewing, and HD home theater entertainment. Ever flexible, this Intel® Desktop Media Series Board also offers a PCI Express* x16 graphics connector to support the latest high-end graphics cards for a great 3D gaming experience.
Utilizing the Intel® High Definition audio chipset, the Intel Desktop Board DG45ID delivers rich, realistic 360° Dolby Home Theater audio with up to 8-channel, 7.1 surround sound. Included Dolby Control Center software allows your customers to tweak and adjust their audio experience to meet their exacting requirements. . With a desktop platform featuring the Intel Desktop Board DG45ID, your customers can immerse themselves in sound as they enjoy the latest film in high definition or relax with some favorite tunes.
With support for Intel's latest quad-core processors, Intel® Desktop Media Series Boards deliver highly efficient performance for the most demanding entertainment applications. With multiple computing "brains", new multi-core processing systems can run resource intensive games and multimedia applications with phenomenal ease and superior responsiveness.
Intel® Wireless WiFi Link 4965AGN
The Intel® Wireless WiFi Link 4965AGN product is an embedded 802.11a/b/g/Draft N¹ PCIe* Mini Card network adapter card that operates in both the 2.4GHz and 5.0GHz spectrum, delivering high throughput and a host of features that enhance today's mobile lifestyle. Deploying WLAN technology in your home and business increases productivity, efficiency and flexibility by enabling faster decision making, reducing down-time, and enhancing employee satisfaction.
Intel® Gigabit ET Dual Port Server Adapter
The Intel® Gigabit ET and EF Multi-Port Server Adapters are Intel's third generation of PCIe GbE network adapters. Built with the Intel® 82576 Gigabit Ethernet Controller, these new adapters showcase the next evolution in GbE networking features for the enterprise network and data center. These features include support for multi-core processors and optimization for server virtualization.
Intel® PRO/1000 XF Server Adapter
Intel® 10 Gigabit CX4 Dual Port Server Adapter
10 Gigabit performance at the lowest cost per portAdding to a robust family of 10 Gigabit Ethernet adapters, Intel is now offering the Intel® 10 Gigabit CX4 Dual Port Server Adapter. Following the 802.ak specification, the Intel 10 Gigabit CX4 Dual Port Server Adapter offers the lowest cost per port of all the current 10GbE interconnects. The low-profile PCI Express* form factor combined with two CX4 ports and a low-power envelope for energy efficiency, makes the board ideal for slot-constrained environments. 10GBASE-CX4 adapters are well-suited for customers with shorter distance and low latency requirements.
Intel integrates memory controller ...
Everyone has known for about a year that the Core i7 processor (codenamed Nehalem) would have an integrated memory controller (IMC). For the little story, AMD did this years ago. But it's surprising to read that this is an "admission" from Intel that AMD "nailed" a key feature years before. While the drama is interesting, it is a little exaggerated, in my opinion. Ever since AMD introduced an IMC in its processors, people have asked Intel when they would follow. I don't remember Intel rejecting the idea, and their answer was more along the lines of: "when it makes sense for us". Interestingly enough, Intel was able to beat AMD without the IMC, it's not like they are the underdog today. IMC is nice, but it's not a silver bullet (ask AMD): improvements have been made on the whole architecture.
Intel DX58SO
Motherboards haven't seen a lot of change in the past two years, so we guess it was due time for Intel to shake things up a bit with the DX58SO. We will discuss the significant layout changes to this motherboard just a little later in this review. The biggest difference with this X58-Express product is that it updates the socket from LGA775 to LGA1366 in order to support the Intel Core-i7 series of processors. Additionally, the Dual-Channel DDR support that reigned supreme since the Pentium 4 days has also been updated to include Triple-Channel DDR3.
Intel may have introduced DDR3 support on their mainboards almost two years ago, but high costs paired with low adoption by manufacturers led to a reprieve for DDR2. That all ends now, as X58 is built for DDR3 only and Intel has no plans to allow DDR2 back into the game. This might seem like a move which slams the door in the face of mainstream enthusiasts wanting more value from their hardware, but the truth is that P45 and X48 chipsets will continue in production for many more months to come. Moving to triple-channel DDR3 also adds momentum for 64-bit computing, but also optimizes current 32-bit systems. Windows XP for example, offers a 4GB maximum memory mapping space on the 32-bit variety of the O/S.
Our first look at the layout of the Intel DX58SO "Smackover" motherboard shows a nice looking black PCB which returns to 8 layers allowing for better rigidity of the board. A more detailed visual scan shows that Intel decided to make a few changes in the previous status quo. The biggest change, and probably the most recognizable is the location of the memory slots which were moved to the area where the processor socket had resided for many years. Intel explains their rationale for this change as a needed improvement in cooling the memory by subjecting it to better airflow.
While on the topic memory Intel opted to only include four memory slots in the DX58SO. In these boards the full memory performance potential is only achieved with the primary three slots filled. The forth slot allows you to add an additional 2GB of DRAM, but that module is only accessed at single-channel performance rate, decreasing performance of that module by 66.66%. Other motherboards such as the ASUS P6T Deluxe provide a full six memory slots that allow for a maximum capacity of 12 GB of DDR3 at full performance potential. With this board being an excellent candidate for a workstation, we certainly can't quite grasp the logic in this configuration.
Another layout issue that bothered us tremendously was the need of having to utilize either one of your SATA power connectors or a 4-pin Molex connector to provide "auxiliary power" to the board. The locations of the connectors are denoted by the red arrows in the image above. Intel currently is the only X58 based motherboard manufacturer that we are aware of that requires this additional power connection. We certainly can't understand why with both the 24-pin main power cable and the 12 Volt 8-pin power adapter connected why there is a need for additional "auxiliary power".
Alas, finally a layout change that makes sense! Looking a the rear I/O panel you can readily see that the parallel port, the 9-pin serial port(s), and both the PS2 mouse and keyboard connectors are missing. We say bravo to Intel for finally removing these useless connections from the rear I/O panel. We feel the vast majority of enthusiasts have been waiting for this change to take place for some time. While not shown in the image we also are ecstatic that Intel chose to also remove the floppy drive connector
Intel D925XECV2 (Intel 925XE)
Unmistakable: the huge, glued down, passive Northbridge cooler and the black color scheme are characteristic of Intel motherboards.
Board revision: 2.03
BIOS version: 0404
Intel wields a considerable amount of influence in the motherboard business. Over the course of the last few years, its product assortment has steadily grown, and Intel now offers 16 boards for the 900 series chipsets alone. For the coming 945/955 platform (Lakeport/Glenwood), another 13 boards are on the roadmap. In the future, Intel intends to use its five categories for better classification: the Extreme, Media, Executive, Classic, and Essential series. Some boards fall into more than one category.
The board on the test bed this time is called Culver City 2, and has ample features, though it doesn't quite live up to the bonanza offered by Asus and Gigabyte's boards. Three FireWire ports are available, along with four SATA connections and a floppy and UltraATA/100 connection for each of the chipsets. The sound system is HD Audio-compliant. Intel includes a small front module for installing in a 3.5" drive bay. A FireWire connection, two USB 2.0 ports and audio ports can be used here on the front of the computer. Both a white and a black panel are provided.
Intel only cools its chipset components passively. Two fan connections with four pins, and a connector with three pins, allow two case fans to be hooked up. If you are wondering about the slot arrangement, you should know that Intel uses the same layout as for a MicroATX motherboard, leaving out only the two left PCI slots. That is also why so much of the board's surface goes unused. With desktop motherboards, Intel still has not integrated a pair of Gigabit network ports, sticking with a Marvell chip connected via PCI Express.
To remain competitive, Intel can't help but include overclocking functions too. However, one particular feature they certainly don't offer is unlocking the x14 multiplier via the performance requirement bit. After all, it's better for them if customers invest more money for a faster processor!
Under testing, the board occasionally got hung up on post code error 80. We got around the problem by turning the system off and then back on again. Using a replacement board didn't resolve the error either. We surmise that this could be caused by the current BIOS version with support for the Pentium 4 600 series .
Intel D925XECV2 (Rev. 203)
Platform Sockel LGA775
Northbridge Intel 925XE
Southbridge Intel ICH6R
BIOS unknow
Memory DDRII-333 to 533
Interfaces
Connectors onboard/panel
USB 2.0 4 / 2
IEEE1394/Firewire 1 / 1
Serial COM Port 1 / none
Parallel LPT Port 1 / none
Game none / none
LAN 1 / none
WLAN none / none
SATA 4 / none
Audio analog 5 / 2
Audio digital 2 / none
Connectors onboard only
PCIe 16x 1
PCIe 1x 2
PCI 4
IDE (PATA) 1 (2 channels)
Fan 4 pins (CPU) 1
Fan 3 pins (System) 3
Mass Storage Controller
ICH6R 2x IDE (ATA100)
4x SATA (RAID 0,1,0+1)
LAN
Marvell 88E8053 PCIe 1x 1 Gbit/s LAN
Audio
Realtek ALC880 7.1 AC97 (HD-Audio)
IEEE1394/Firewire
agere FW323-06 2x 1394a (400 Mbit/s)
Clock Setting in BIOS Measurement
200.0 MHz (FSB800) 200.0 MHz (+ 0.00 %)
266.6 MHz (FSB1066) n/a
SPD Memory Timing Recognition Timing Result
FSB800 setting CL 3.0-3-3-6
FSB1066 setting n/a
22 – Intel D925XECV2 (Intel 925XE)
1 – Introduction 2 – No Dual-core Processors On The Latest Boards! 3 – Asus P5AD2-E Premium (Intel 925XE) 4 – Asus P5AD2-E Premium, Continued 5 – Asus P5AD2-E Premium, Continued 6 – Asus P5AD2-E Premium, Continued 7 – Asus P5GDC-V Deluxe (Intel 915G) 8 – Asus P5GDC-V Deluxe, Continued 9 – Asus P5GDC-V Deluxe, Continued 10 – Gigabyte GA-8AENXP-DW (Intel 925XE) 11 – Gigabyte GA-8AENXP-DW, Continued 12 – Gigabyte GA-8AENXP-DW, Continued 13 – Gigabyte GA-8AENXP-DW, Continued 14 – Gigabyte GA-8AENXP-DW, Continued 15 – Gigabyte GA-8I925XE-G (Intel 925XE) 16 – Gigabyte GA-8I925XE-G, Continued 17 – Gigabyte GA-8I925XE-G, Continued 18 – MSI 925X Neo Platinum (MS-7053) (Intel 925XE) 19 – MSI 925X Neo Platinum, Continued 20 – MSI 925X Neo Platinum, Continued 21 – MSI 925X Neo Platinum, Continued 22 – Intel D925XECV2 (Intel 925XE) 23 – Intel D925XECV2, Continued 24 – Intel D925XECV2, Continued 25 – Test System 26 – OpenGL 27 – DirectX 9 28 – Synthetic 29 – Synthetic, Continued 30 – Video 31 – Video, Continued 32 – Applications 33 – Conclusion: Asus And Gigabyte Neck And Neck
Intel updates junior laptop
Intel has unveiled a new version of its Classmate mini-laptop reference design. Now targeting consumers and schoolchildren both, and running Linux or Windows XP, the device has a 30GB hard drive, a revised touchpad and keyboard, webcam, and a nine-inch screen.
(Click here for a larger view of the Classmate/2Go PC)
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The original Classmate debuted in March 2007 as part of Intel's "World Ahead" program aimed at schoolchildren in emerging markets. Available with a 1GB SSD (solid-state drive) packing Linux or a 2GB SSD packing Windows XP, the Classmate was widely viewed as Intel's response to the Linux- and AMD-based OLPC (One Laptop Per Child) device.
Intel Metro Notebook
Intel Metro Notebook
We hate covering design concepts because they usually never turn into real products you can actually buy. But this new laptop, created by Intel and Ziba Design, is just way too awesome not to show you. The Intel Metro Notebook ($TBA) is a super skinny mobile computing machine that is being called the world's thinnest laptop. Less than 0.7 inches thick (just a hair thicker than the Motorola RAZR) and weighing only 2.25 pounds, the Metro notebook sports a beautiful champagne-colored magnesium exterior and offers always-on web connectivity thanks to embedded Wi-Fi, WiMax and cellular network chips.
MSI 925XE Neo
Intel is absolutely ready for the 925XE launch. The 925XCV ran properly and is decently-equipped, but the Asus P5AD2-E easily outperformed it.
MSI 925XE Neo
Click to enlarge!
The fourth board we received in advance of Intel's chipset launch is MSI's 925XE Neo (MS-7053). This baby ran smoothly, but needs some more fine-tuning in order to reach the performance level that Asus has achieved.
4 – Intel 925XCV
1 – Intel Kicks Off 925XE Chipset And P4EE 3.46 GHz 2 – Chipset Comparison Table 3 – 925XE Motherboards 4 – Intel 925XCV 5 – Pentium 4 Extreme Edition 3.46 GHz, FSB1066 6 – Test Setup 7 – Benchmarks And Settings 8 – Unreal Tournament 9 – Main Concept And Pinnacle Studio 9 10 – Xvid, DivX, And WME 11 – Audio MP3 Encoding 12 – 3DMark, PCMark, Wstream, And SiSoft Sandra 13 – PC Mark 14 – Wstream 15 – SiSoft Sandra 16 – Conclusion 17 –
Intel XScale PXA255 module
On the basis of PXA255 microprocessor in MBGA256 package Promwad team has developed the electric circuit and also implemented the OEM-module PCB layout. The following interfaces are applied on the board: Ethernet, Full-speed USB OTG, RS-232, TFT LCD with Touch Screen controller, system expansion bus, self-powered real-time clock. The form-factor has been elaborated for various add-in modules connections. The board has small overall dimensions (100x60 mm).
Specifications
Board type Digital
Layers 8
BGA packages 3 (MBGA256, EBGA64)
Dimensions, mm 100x60
Connections 2209
Differential pairs USB, Ethernet
Components 585
Peculiarities Intel PXA255 processor
Ethernet 10/100
USB host (high-bit-rate) and OTG
LCD-interface
Touch-screen interface
Extended plug-in
Design facilities PCAD 2002
Lead time 1,5 months
Download PDF - 144Kb
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Intel's WiMax Chipsets to Support Higher Frequencies in 2009
Although it didn’t specify the exact spectrum profiles it plans to support, it is safe to assume that the remaining two profiles approved by the WiMax forum will be on the list. As WiMax networks in various countries around the world operate on either 2.5 GHz or 3.5 GHz, it is very obvious that Intel will soon support them. But Intel stopped short of announcing any release dates.
Intel unveils super-packed 32nm processors, invests $7 bil to make them in the US
Intel is moving beyond the 45nm chip into denser territory. The company gave a first-ever demo of a 32nm Westmere chip — though no performance benchmarks are available at this time — and rumor has it that the packed processors could make their way into laptops as early as this year. We're inclined to believe that rumor as Intel just sank $7 billion dollars into American factories in Arizona, New Mexico and Oregon, and Intel President and CEO Paul Otellini even got a call from President Obama to commend him.
From Computer World:
Otellini said Obama called him last night to congratulate him on company's decision. The president "reminded me that he sees the Intel logo every morning when he opens up his laptop; I was pleased to hear that," he noted.
Intel's move to produce the chips in the US as opposed to overseas will come as a boon to American labor, and its $7 billion is an investment in American infrastructure. The company could have scored incentives by going with foreign plants already geared to produce 32nm chips, which will most likely replace 45nm processors as the most profitable chip configuration to manufacture very soon.
Intel Rolls Out Atom Processors at IDF Shanghai
Intel is rolling out five new Atom microprocessors and Intel Centrino Atom processor chips designed for portable gadgets that access the Internet and for other uses. The low-power, tiny Atom chips will come in speeds of up to 1.86GHz and Intel says that speed, will support Enhanced Intel SpeedStep technology while selected SKUs will support Intel Hyper-Threading technology, make it the fastest processor that consumes 3 watts has a thermal design power range of 0.65 to 2.4 watts (versus 35 watts for today's typical laptop), average power range of 160-220 milliwatts (mW) and idle power range of 80-100mW. The technology package includes the Intel Atom processor (formerly codenamed "Silverthorne") plus a single-chip with integrated graphics called the Intel System Controller Hub that enables PC-like capabilities and long battery life in smaller devices that can fit in your pocket. The Intel System Controller Hub is an integrated low-power solution that features advanced low-power 3-D graphics features, hardware accelerated 720p and 1080i HD video decode capabilities, Intel High Definition Audio, and a combination of PC and handheld I/O capabilities such as PCI Express, USB Host and Client, and SDIO. Intel Centrino Atom processor technology also enables manufacturers to integrate a range of wireless connectivity options, including Wi-Fi, WiMAX and cellular data.Intel is introducing five Intel Atom processors and three versions of its controller hub:Z540 1.83GHz 2.4W Z530 1.6GHz 2W Z520 1.33GHz 2W Z510 1.1GHz 2W Z500 800MHz 0.6~0.7W These low-power levels are achieved as a result of several processor design power management techniques such as Intel Deep Power Down Technology (C6), CMOS mode, and Split I/O power supply. Intel made the announcements at its Intel Developer Forum conference on Wednesday in Shanghai. "Global Internet growth continues unabated," said Anand Chandrasekher, who runs Intel's Ultra Mobility Group. "The best Internet experience is still on the PC, but users want to carry that experience with them."
Chandrasekher said major device makers are already planning to adopt Atom, with more than 20 manufacturers coming out with products using the processor. As far as MIDs, those will start shipping in May, he said. He said Intel expects about 30 percent of those MIDs to have both WiFi -- short range high-speed wireless Internet access -- and WiMax -- longer-range high-speed access designed into them. MID device makers include Asus, Fujitsu, Lenovo, NEC, Panasonic, Samsung, Sharp and Toshiba, among others, and prices will probably average about $500, with some priced higher than that or lower, depending on the functions. The small size of the Atom processor -- the die of the chip is less than 25 square millimeters, or about a 10th of the low- cost Celeron desktop and notebook PC chip -- also lets Intel target the embedded market.Intel gets nearly 2,700 Atom processors from a single inner-plate-size silicon wafer, according to Intel representatives.Gelsinger: Milliwatts to PetaflopsDuring his keynote, Pat Gelsinger, senior vice president and general manager of Intel's Digital Enterprise Group, said Intel Architecture (IA) processors now span MIDs to High- Performance Servers (HPC). Gelsinger provided some technical details of Intel's next-generation processor family, codenamed "Nehalem," which will begin production in the fourth quarter. Nehalem will first be seen in high-end desktop processors and dual processor server systems, and expand to other market segments in 2009. Nehalem is designed to scale from two to eight cores. Gelsinger also disclosed Intel's Advanced Vector Extension new instructions that are planned for a family of processors due after Nehalem, codenamed "Sandy Bridge" in 2010. Gelsinger concluded his keynote talking about Intel's Visual Computing vision and need for more compute performance, higher memory and I/O bandwidth, improved graphics, better software tools and libraries in order to deliver photo-realistic 3-D rendering, high-definition video and audio. One critical element will be the "Larrabee" Architecture, which will feature many Intel architecture cores, a new cache architecture and new vector processing instruction set. Perlmutter: Personalized Mobility On The WayAlso at IDF, Dadi Perlmutter, executive vice president and general manager of Intel's Mobility Group, discussed the wave of personalization on tap that takes advantage of new notebook and netbook products coming to market later this year. Intel will deliver its next-generation "Montevina" Intel Centrino 2 processor technology for notebooks in June providing faster performance and longer battery life. Centrino 2 will be the first platform from Intel to offer an integrated Wi-Fi and WiMAX wireless access option that is expected to be available in certain notebooks in the second half of the year. Other options for Centrino 2 include the processor and other components that are about 40 percent smaller, making them ideal for the mini- and sub-notebook categories. Perlmutter shared details in graphics quality and native hardware support for high-definition entertainment using Blu Ray, and demonstrated Intel solid state drive technology. Looking ahead Perlmutter offered a first peek at Intel's 2009 notebook platform codenamed "Calpella." Before that and toward the end of 2008, Perlmutter said the company will bring Intel Anti-theft Technology. The technology focuses on asset recovery, theft management and data protection and will arrive in laptops by year's end. Perlmutter also showcased two laptops called "netbooks" while articulating Intel's strategy for this emerging class of affordable, easy-to-use computers. These simple, low-cost Internet-centric devices will be powered by Intel's new purpose-built low power architecture, forthcoming "Diamondville" Intel Atom processors and unique transistor and manufacturing process that is perfectly suited for this new market opportunity.
Intel 8086 instruction
Intel 8086 microprocessor is a first member of x86 family of processors. Advertised as a "source-code compatible" with Intel 8080 and Intel 8085 processors, the 8086 was not object code compatible with them. The 8086 has complete 16-bit architecture - 16-bit internal registers, 16-bit data bus, and 20-bit address bus (1 MB of physical memory). Because the processor has 16-bit index registers and memory pointers, it can effectively address only 64 KB of memory. To address memory beyond 64 KB the CPU uses segment registers - these registers specify memory locations for code, stack, data and extra data 64 KB segments. The segments can be positioned anywhere in memory, and, if necessary, user programs can change their position. This addressing method has one big advantage - it is very easy to write memory-independent code when the size of code, stack and data is smaller than 64 KB each. The complexity of the code and programming increases, sometimes significantly, when the size of stack, data and/code is larger than 64 KB. To support different variations of this awkward memory addressing scheme many 8086 compilers included 6 different memory models: tiny, small, compact, medium, large and huge. 64 KB direct addressing limitation was eliminated with the introduction of the 32-bit protected mode in Intel 80386 processor.
Intel 8086 instruction set includes a few very powerful string instructions. When these instructions are prefixed by REP (repeat) instruction, the CPU will perform block operations - move block of data, compare data blocks, set data block to certain value, etc, that is one 8086 string instruction with a REP prefix could do as much as a 4-5 instruction loop on some other processors. To be fair, the Zilog Z80 included move and search block instructions, and Motorola 68000 could execute block operations using just two instructions.
The 8086 microprocessor provides support for Intel 8087 numeric co-processor. The CPU recognizes all Floating-Point (FP) instructions. When the FP instructions reference the memory, the CPU calculates memory address and performs dummy memory read. The calculated address, and possibly read data, is captured by the FPU. After that the CPU proceeds to the next instruction, while the FPU executes the floating-point instruction. Thus, both integer and floating-point instructions can be executed concurrently.
Original Intel 8086 CPU was manufactured using HMOS technology. Later Intel introduced 80C86 and 80C86A - CHMOS versions of the CPU. These microprocessors had much lower power consumption and featured standby mode.
Intel 8086 instruction set includes a few very powerful string instructions. When these instructions are prefixed by REP (repeat) instruction, the CPU will perform block operations - move block of data, compare data blocks, set data block to certain value, etc, that is one 8086 string instruction with a REP prefix could do as much as a 4-5 instruction loop on some other processors. To be fair, the Zilog Z80 included move and search block instructions, and Motorola 68000 could execute block operations using just two instructions.
The 8086 microprocessor provides support for Intel 8087 numeric co-processor. The CPU recognizes all Floating-Point (FP) instructions. When the FP instructions reference the memory, the CPU calculates memory address and performs dummy memory read. The calculated address, and possibly read data, is captured by the FPU. After that the CPU proceeds to the next instruction, while the FPU executes the floating-point instruction. Thus, both integer and floating-point instructions can be executed concurrently.
Original Intel 8086 CPU was manufactured using HMOS technology. Later Intel introduced 80C86 and 80C86A - CHMOS versions of the CPU. These microprocessors had much lower power consumption and featured standby mode.
Intel picks VIA's Mini ITX for cut-price PC mobo
Target is emerging markets, not case-modders
By Tony Smith in Beijing • Get more from this author
17th April 2007 10:53 GMT
IDF Intel has indeed thrown its weight behind rival chip maker VIA's Mini ITX motherboard form-factor, as reported back in January, though the bigger company wasn't exactly going out of its way to reveal its new compact mobo's origins.
Intel's entry into the Mini ITX arena is the Desktop Board D201GLY, which it's pitching at providers of low-cost - sub $300 - computers, particularly those pitched at "emerging markets" - what used to be called, in less euphemism-friendly times, 'poor countries'.
The 17 x 17cm board incorporates a soldered-in-place 1.33GHz Celeron 215 processor, SiS662 integrated chipset, a single DIMM slot, legacy ports, 10/100Mbps Ethernet, a PCI slot, six USB ports and a seventh mounted internally for "an OS on a Flash drive" - an item Intel launched not so very long ago.
Intel said the board will become available this quarter, but we can narrow that down to the second week of May. It will go on sale in boxed and unboxed versions.
Intel Skulltrail Unleashed: Core 2 Extreme QX9775 x 2
Intel started slowly leaking information about an ultra high-end enthusiast platform dubbed Skulltrail at right about the same time that AMD’s now defunct QuadFX platform was set to be released. Over time we learned that Skulltrail, like QuadFX, would be a dual-socket platform that could accommodate a pair of Intel’s fastest quad-core processors, for a grand total of eight execution cores in one desktop system. But other details regarding the platform were somewhat scarce to say the least.
As time progressed, however, Intel was more and more forthright with information regarding Skulltrail. Soon we learned that the platform would require DDR2 FB-DIMMs and that it would officially support a 1600MHz front side bus frequency. Then later Intel disclosed that Skulltrail would support not only ATI’s CrossFire multi-GPU technology, but NVIDIA’s SLI as well. Then at IDF last year we were treated to our first glimpse of a fully assembled Skulltrail system that featured dual 3.2GHz quad-core processors and were even privy to some preliminary benchmark results. And finally, at this year’s Consumer Electronics Show, Intel showed off a couple of Skulltrail-based rigs complete with air and water-cooled processors running at a cool 4GHz. At this point we knew Skulltrail was almost ready for prime time.
After meeting with Intel at CES, representatives informed us that Skulltrail would be available for testing and evaluation in just a few weeks. And they were true to their word. We’ve been banging on a Skulltrail setup complete with a matched pair of 3.2GHz Core 2 Extreme QX9775 processors and DDR2-800 FB-DIMMs for a couple of weeks now and will be presenting the results of our testing for you all right here. Strap yourself in and prepare for the eventual feelings of CPU envy that will ensue. Skulltrail is a beast in every sense of the word...
Intel Skulltrail D5400XS Motherboard
Intel Skulltrail D5400XS
Specifications and Features
We have posted a myriad of information related to the Skulltrail platform in recent articles here at HotHardware. If you’d like more details regarding Intel’s Core 2 micro-architecture or want to see all of the early information regarding Skulltrail that we have posted in the past, we recommend perusing these articles:
Intel Core 2 Duo & Core 2 Extreme Processors, Chipsets and Performance Analysis
IDF: Intel Skulltrail and Penryn Performance Preview
Intel V8 Media Creation Platform - Dual Sockets - Dual Xeons
CES 2008 Photo Report
Intel Skulltrail Motherboard Sneak Peek
Our Intel V8 coverage will give you a glimpse into some of the technologies employed in Skulltrail, in workstation-class trim. And our coverage from IDF and CES will give you an idea as to how the Skulltrail platform has matured while Intel was readying the platform for release.
Skulltrail High-Level Overview >>
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Article Index:
Introduction, Specs, and Related Info Skulltrail High-Level Overview Skulltrail and Bonetrail Motherboards Skulltrail BIOS and Overclocking Our Test Systems and SANDRA PCMark Vantage PCMark Vantage (Continued) Cinebench R10 and POV-Ray Kribibench and 3DMark06 LAME MT Encoding Gaming: Crysis and F.E.A.R. Power Consumption and Acoustics Our Summary and Conclusion
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Intel SE7525GP2 (I7525)
Intel's SE7525GP2.
Board Revision: 1.0
BIOS Version: P03 (06/22/2004)
Intel obviously placed emphasis on a versatile motherboard and implemented an ATI RageXL graphics chip onto the SE7525GP2 in order to make it suitable for both servers and workstation systems. However, the tremendous Northbridge heat sink will prevent this board from being installed into a 1U rack server.
The SE7525GP2 offers a x16 PCIe slot for graphics and an additional x4 port for future upgrades.
Intel has the most sophisticated retail box among the tested boards.
Although the RageXL is quite an old fellow, it is a reliable solution for displaying 2D.
The onboard graphics is equipped with 8 MB of dedicated memory. This is adequate for running up to 1600x1200 in 32 bits per pixel. Of course the ATI graphics unit may be used in order to run an additional display. Yet you should make sure that this one will only be used for 2D applications, since the chip is basically not capable of doing any 3D things.
More in this Special Report
Processor
The processor has changed the least. It's a 65nm Merom-based Core 2 Duo with a few tweaks, and will be the last of these CPUs before the arrival of 45nm Penryn processors in the next update. The major change between Santa Rosa's processor and its predecessors is the acceleration of the frontside bus (FSB) from 667MHz to 800MHz , together with the ability to slow it down during light loads. This technology, called Super Low Frequency Mode, knocks the bus speed down to 400MHz, the CPU's clock speed to 600MHz and reduces the core voltage. Another tweak, called Enhanced Deeper Sleep, means that the memory controller in the chipset won't wake up the processor to check on cache status if the system knows the cache is empty and the CPU is sufficiently comatose not to be able to change things.
A rather unusual performance boost comes in the form of Enhanced Dynamic Acceleration Technology. The Santa Rosa processor can run one of its two cores at full tilt while the other is in one of a number of sleep states, at which time the total thermal energy is somewhat less than the maximum allowed when both cores are running. Under conditions where only one core is running, Intel can effectively overclock it, taking advantage of the increased thermal headroom left by the other core ticking over. This will give single-threaded tasks a boost, says Intel, without risking overheating.
Articles tagged with: silverthorne
Netbooks are going to be big this year - in every sense of the word. Sensitive to complaints about small, low-resolution screens and ever-eager to invent another lucrative niche, manufacturers are expanding their line-ups with more comfortably proportioned 12in screen models, and Dell is among the first with the Inspiron Mini 12.
Now a netbook with a 12in screen may seem like an oxymoron and we're still stuck on what to call the Inspiron Mini 12. One thing is certain, though - netbook or low-cost laptop, this is one very portable portable. It weighs just over a kilo and is just 27mm at its thickest point, which is almost as thin as the Apple MacBook Air .
The Apple Core
On Monday Intel announced the first mobile quad-core processor called Penryn. The new silicon is the cousin to the Penryn desktop processor, the Core 2 Extreme QX9650, announced on 12 November 2007.
The next generation transistors, used in the new Penryn processors (Intel Core 2 Duo, Intel Core 2 Quad and Xeon family) feature “new high-k + metal gate material that will allow for higher frequencies, lower resistance, less leakage and lower power consumption.”
Aside from the simple fact that the new 45nm process will allow for double transistor density over current generation processors, Intel also promises that the new microarchitecture will offer a significant performance-per-watt increase over current 65nm technology. Other benefits of the new 45nm process and high-k and metal gate combination will be:
Significant reduction in transistor switching power
Improvement in transistor switching speed
Reduction in source-drain leakage power
Reduction in gate oxide leakage power
Greater energy efficiency
According to AppleInsider Penryn-based Core 2 notebook chips boost battery performance by as much as 16 percent and encoding operations by as much 40 percent over Merom processors in mobile benchmark tests.
Penryn is the successor to the fourth-generation Intel (Santa Rosa) Centrino notebook processor currently shipping in the current MacBook and MacBook Pro. Penryn chips have already started shipping PC notebooks from HP, Toshiba and Fujitsu.
The MacBook Pro was last updated on 5 June 2007 with the Santa Rosa processor and new NVIDIA GeForce 8600M GT 250 days ago. The MacBook was last updated just 72 days ago (on 31 October 2007) with Santa Rosa and Intel GMA X3100 video.
While the MacBook is still pretty current the MacBook Pro is due for a refresh. I’d love to see a new quad-core Penryn MBP announced at MWSF - ideally in an entirely new enclosure.
What about you?
Jason D. O'Grady is the editor of PowerPage.org, which has been publishing daily mobile technology news since December 1995. For disclosures on Jason's industry affiliations, click here or to view Jason's full profile click here.
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